Energy Digest

Daily Summaries & Key Takeaways of Power & Energy Updates
Powered by Llama 3.2
Last Updated: January 07, 2026 at 06:01 PM
26
News & Articles
4
Research Papers
1

Generator Bearing Failures: Root Cause Analysis and the Role of Integrated Data

Summary

The article discusses the reliability of hydropower plants, which rely heavily on generators that operate under immense loads. Generator bearing failures can have severe consequences due to their critical role in plant performance. Integrated data and root cause analysis are crucial in understanding and preventing these failures.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Generators are a critical component of hydropower plants, carrying significant radial and axial loads.
  • Bearing failures can have severe consequences for generator reliability and overall plant dependability.
  • Integrated data and advanced monitoring solutions play a vital role in identifying root causes of bearing failures and preventing future occurrences.
2

US Solar & Wind Power to Exceed 700 GW in 2030 — Forecast

Summary

GlobalData is forecasting that US solar and wind power will surpass 700 GW in new installations by 2030, driven by solid growth despite current challenges. This forecast suggests a continued dominance of renewable energy sources in the US power market. The growth is attributed to increasing demand for clean energy and government policies supporting sustainable development.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Solar and wind power are expected to dominate new power installations in the US by 2030, with solar power leading the way.
  • Despite current challenges, including hostility from the president and Republicans in Congress, the renewable energy market is expected to continue growing steadily.
  • The growth of US solar and wind power is attributed to increasing demand for clean energy and government policies supporting sustainable development.
3

Renewable Properties Secures Additional $40 Million From AB CarVal

Summary

Renewable Properties, a California-based developer and investor in renewable energy projects, has secured an additional $40 million from AB CarVal to increase its existing capital facility to $120 million. The funds will be used to pursue new project opportunities in small-scale utility, community solar, energy storage, and EV charging infrastructure projects. This investment suggests Renewable Properties' continued commitment to expanding its portfolio of renewable energy projects.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Renewable Properties has secured an additional $40 million from AB CarVal, increasing its existing capital facility to a total of $120 million.
  • The funds will be used to pursue new project opportunities in various renewable energy sectors, including small-scale utility, community solar, energy storage, and EV charging infrastructure.
  • This investment indicates that Renewable Properties is committed to expanding its portfolio of renewable energy projects, suggesting a strong focus on growth and development in the sector.
4

Software: Batteries’ Unsung Hero

Summary

The article discusses the importance of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in meeting increasing global power demand. BESS offers a fast and dependable solution, allowing for agile deployment and flexible interconnections, making them a crucial component in expanding new capacity.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are considered a key factor in meeting the growing global power demand.
  • The ability of BESS to support flexible interconnections enables their rapid deployment and utilization in expanding new capacity.
  • The use of software in battery management and control is highlighted as an essential aspect of optimizing the performance and efficiency of BESS systems.
5

Poland’s massive new airport project to host utility-scale solar-plus-storage project

Summary

Poland's Central Transport Port company has tendered for the development of a utility-scale solar-plus-storage project at the planned Port Polska airport. The project, worth approximately 70 MW, will feature 20 MW of solar PV and 50 MW of battery storage capacity with a two-hour working time. The system aims to increase the airport's energy independence and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Poland is planning a massive new airport project, Port Polska, which will be powered by a utility-scale solar-plus-storage system worth approximately 70 MW.
  • The solar PV component of the system will generate 20 MW, while the battery storage capacity will be 50 MW with a two-hour working time.
  • The project aims to increase energy independence and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, as stated by the Central Transport Port company.
6

Battery storage fire in Upstate New York involved unauthorised system, mayor says

Summary

A battery storage fire occurred at Convergent Energy & Power's facility in Warwick, New York on December 19th. The incident involved an unauthorized system, according to the mayor. This is a significant event in the energy storage industry, highlighting potential risks and safety concerns.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • An unauthorized system was reportedly involved in the battery storage fire at Convergent Energy & Power's facility.
  • Battery storage systems can be prone to fires due to various reasons, including design, installation, or maintenance issues.
  • The incident underscores the need for stringent regulatory oversight, safety protocols, and proper training for personnel handling energy storage systems.
7

Third tier of Iran’s Bushehr 2 nuclear power unit installed

Summary

The Atomic Energy Organisation of Iran has completed the installation of the third tier of the inner containment building for the second unit at the Bushehr nuclear power plant, marking a significant milestone in the construction of the power unit.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The completion of the third tier of the inner containment building indicates progress in the construction of the second unit at the Bushehr nuclear power plant.
  • The installation suggests that the project is moving forward as planned, despite any potential delays or challenges.
  • The success of this milestone could pave the way for further progress on the power unit, potentially leading to a completed second unit in the near future.
8

India’s energy storage market set for breakout year in 2026

Summary

India's energy storage market is poised for a breakout year in 2026, with many projects awarded since mid-2023 expected to begin commissioning. A total of 224 GWh of energy storage capacity had been tendered by the end of 2025, comprising battery energy storage systems and pumped hydro storage. The industry is preparing for an influx of new projects entering the operational phase in 2026, with a focus on addressing financing challenges.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • India's energy storage market has seen a surge in tendering activity, with 69 tenders issued in 2025, nearly equal to the combined total of tenders issued between 2018 and 2024.
  • Despite the increase in tendering activity, only 0.7 GWh of battery energy storage capacity was operational in India as of 2025, highlighting a significant gap between demand and supply.
  • Aggressive pricing has raised concerns about project viability, with financing remaining a major challenge for many projects, particularly those with low tariffs.
9

Western Australia prioritises long-duration energy storage in latest clean energy funding round

Summary

Western Australia has announced the latest round of its Clean Energy Innovation Grants programme, focusing on long-duration energy storage as part of its efforts to support clean energy innovations. This funding round aims to promote the development and deployment of energy storage technologies that can provide stable power for extended periods. The prioritization of long-duration energy storage reflects the state's commitment to addressing renewable energy intermittency.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Western Australia is prioritizing long-duration energy storage in its latest clean energy funding round, indicating a growing focus on addressing renewable energy intermittency.
  • The Clean Energy Innovation Grants programme aims to support the development and deployment of energy storage technologies that can provide stable power for extended periods.
  • By focusing on long-duration energy storage, the Western Australian government is signaling its commitment to creating a more resilient and reliable clean energy grid.
10

Calif. Electricity Consumption Headed off the Charts, CEC Forecast Shows

Summary

California's electricity consumption is projected to increase dramatically over the coming decades, with a forecasted rise from approximately 280 TWh in 2025 to over 450 TWh in 2045. This growth is largely attributed to planned artificial intelligence data centers, although questions remain about their actual construction numbers. The California Energy Commission (CEC) has revised its demand forecast due to new information on data centers and known loads.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • California's electricity consumption is expected to increase by over 60% from 2025 to 2045, with a projected rise of more than 170 TWh.
  • The state's planned artificial intelligence data center capacity is expected to grow significantly, with potential increases of up to 6,510 MW in the "high-case" scenario by 2039.
  • The CEC is planning to conduct further analysis on data centers, including examining different sizes and how they affect forecast results, due to the significant impact they are predicted to have on California's energy demand.
11

NRC Approves First Digital Conversion of Nuclear Plant Safety Controls

Summary

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has approved the digital conversion of Constellation Energy's Limerick Clean Energy Center, marking the first time a nuclear plant in the US has been upgraded to a single digital system. This approval paves the way for modernization across the US commercial fleet, which still relies heavily on analog controls. The $167 million upgrade aims to enhance safety, reduce maintenance costs, and improve cybersecurity.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The NRC's approval of Constellation Energy's Limerick Digital Modernization Project marks a significant milestone in the transition from analog to digital safety systems at US nuclear power plants.
  • The upgrade is expected to improve safety system reliability and cybersecurity, as well as reduce manual maintenance requirements and costs associated with obsolete components.
  • This project is part of a larger effort by Constellation Energy to modernize its nuclear fleet in Pennsylvania, supported by the US Department of Energy's Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program.
12

This crewless helicopter-robot combo could make wind turbine work safer [video]

Summary

A collaboration between Kawasaki and BladeRobots (Vestas) is utilizing a crewless helicopter and blade maintenance robot to automate turbine blade maintenance, potentially increasing safety in the wind power industry.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The project aims to make wind turbine work safer by automating one of the most challenging jobs in wind power: turbine blade maintenance.
  • A crewless helicopter is used to transport and lower a blade maintenance robot to perform tasks such as inspecting and cleaning blades, reducing the risk of human injury.
  • This innovative approach has the potential to improve efficiency and reduce downtime for wind turbines, making them more reliable and environmentally friendly.
13

MOD City 3 folding e-bikes at $1,799 lows, EcoFlow flash sale drops expanded DELTA 3 Max Plus bundle to $1,699, Bluetti, more

Summary

The article highlights several power and energy systems deals, including MOD City 3 folding e-bikes at $1,799 lows, EcoFlow's flash sale with up to 58% discounts on various products, and Bluetti's AC70 Power Station starting from $329. These deals are part of the New Year sales that started in mid-January 2026.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • MOD City 3 Folding e-bikes are now available at their lowest price of $1,799, offering a discounted rate on this product.
  • EcoFlow's flash sale includes the DELTA 3 Max Plus Power Station with a Smart Extra Battery for $1,699, representing up to 58% discounts on various products.
  • Bluetti's AC70 Power Station is available starting from $329, providing a new low price point on this power station model.
14

Ming Yang claims world’s first 100% recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade

Summary

Ming Yang Smart Energy has developed what it claims is the world's first fully recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade, marking a significant advancement in sustainable energy technologies. The innovative design makes the blade both durable and recyclable, reducing electronic waste and environmental impact. This breakthrough could potentially transform the wind industry.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Ming Yang Smart Energy has created a 100% recyclable carbon fiber wind turbine blade, setting a new standard for sustainability in renewable energy.
  • The development of this fully recyclable blade reduces electronic waste and environmental harm associated with traditional carbon fiber disposal methods.
  • This innovative design could significantly impact the wind industry's efforts to minimize its ecological footprint.
15

Hydrogen Storage Soars with World’s Largest 40,000 m³ LH2 Carrier to be build by Kawasaki and JSE

Summary

Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Japan Suiso Energy have partnered to build the world's largest liquefied hydrogen (LH2) carrier, a 40,000 cubic-metre vessel designed for commercial-scale transport. The ship will be built at Kawasaki's Sakaide Works in Kagawa Prefecture and linked to the Ogishima LH2 terminal in Kawasaki City, with completion expected by the early 2030s. This project aims to support Japan's goal of industrial decarbonization by 2050.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The partnership between Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Japan Suiso Energy marks a significant step forward for commercial-scale liquefied hydrogen transport, which is essential for meeting Japan's target of becoming carbon-neutral by 2050.
  • The ship will feature cutting-edge technology, including cryogenic tanks, vacuum-jacketed lines, and dual-fuel engines, designed to optimize LH2 storage and reduce boil-off.
  • The project has received backing from the NEDO Green Innovation Fund, highlighting the growing support for hydrogen fueling infrastructure in Japan as it aims to scale up its liquefied hydrogen shipments between exporters and import hubs.
16

Saudi Arabia reveals qualified bidders for 3.1 GW solar auction

Summary

Saudi Arabia's renewable energy tender program has announced qualified bidders for its seventh round of solar auctions, featuring four projects with a combined capacity of 3.1 GW. The list of qualified bidders includes 22 companies that have been shortlisted for the solar PV projects. This development marks an important step towards Saudi Arabia's ambitious renewable energy goals.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • A total of 22 companies have been shortlisted as qualified bidders for the four solar projects, with 16 of these companies qualifying as managing and technical members.
  • The qualified developers will develop and build the facilities on a build-own-operate basis, indicating a long-term partnership between Saudi Power Procurement Co. (SPPC) and the selected bidders.
  • This development is part of Saudi Arabia's broader renewable energy efforts, which include calls for solar and wind projects with capacities totaling up to 3.1 GW, highlighting the country's commitment to expanding its clean energy capacity.
17

Australia adds 1.2 GWh of behind-the-meter battery storage in December

Summary

Australia has seen a significant increase in behind-the-meter battery storage capacity, with over 1.2 GWh of new installations in December 2025, driven by the federal government's revised Cheaper Home Batteries Program. The program has proven successful, with Australians installing 184,672 home batteries with a combined 4.27 GWh of storage capacity from July to December 2025. The national market continues to show an upward trend, with a 19% growth in December compared to the previous month.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Over 1.2 GWh of new behind-the-meter battery energy storage capacity was installed across Australia in December 2025, exceeding 1 GWh for the second consecutive month.
  • The national market grew by 19% in December 2025, with the average system size increasing to 32.86 kWh, up from 32.74 kWh in November 2025.
  • The Cheaper Home Batteries Program has been a major success, with Australians installing 184,672 home batteries and achieving a combined storage capacity of 4.27 GWh under the initiative.
  • The shift towards larger batteries is becoming more prominent, with smaller battery volumes declining as people opt for the substantial subsidy on larger batteries while it remains in place.
18

Grid code standards key to unlock Indonesia’s solar potential

Summary

A Danish-Indonesian research group has analyzed the challenges of integrating higher shares of renewable energy in Indonesia's electricity system and recommends updating grid codes to ensure system reliability. The study highlights the need for coordinated action across grid investment, regulatory reform, financing, and institutional strengthening to unlock Indonesia's solar potential. Modern technical standards are essential for managing growing renewable penetration without compromising system reliability.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The lack of robust, updated grid-code standards in Indonesia is a major bottleneck for renewable energy deployment, but introducing and enforcing grid codes can be part of a broader systemic transformation.
  • A proposed grid code includes reactive power compensation mechanisms and harmonic analysis to assess grid hosting capacity and manage growing renewable penetration without compromising system reliability.
  • The study's findings highlight the importance of comparing existing standards with international best practices, such as those applied in Denmark and developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), to identify necessary adjustments for Indonesia's renewable energy ambitions.
19

Solar power overtakes coal and gas in Germany, a country with little sun

Summary

Solar power has surpassed coal and gas in Germany's electrical supply, with the country producing 18% of its electricity through solar power in 2025. This significant leap marks a notable shift away from fossil fuels, despite Germany's relatively high latitudes which might be expected to limit solar power production. The increase is attributed to advancements in technology and investment in renewable energy.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Solar power has overtaken coal and gas as the primary source of electricity in Germany.
  • Despite having limited sunlight due to its northern latitude, Germany has managed to increase its solar power production significantly.
  • This shift towards solar power indicates a growing trend towards renewable energy sources in Germany.
20

The POWER Interview: Challenges and Opportunities for DERs

Summary

The article features an interview with Akshai Baskaran, VP and GM of Energy Management at Gravity, a company that helps enterprises manage their carbon footprint. Baskaran discusses the challenges and opportunities for distributed energy resources (DERs) in the current regulatory landscape. He highlights the need for policies and incentives to support DER growth.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The regulatory landscape presents challenges for the growth of distributed energy resources (DERs), with many areas still lacking clear policies and incentives.
  • Akshai Baskaran emphasizes the importance of policies that encourage DER adoption, such as net metering and renewable portfolio standards.
  • Virtual power plants like Autogrid's Virtual Peaker model show promise in managing DERs and optimizing energy distribution.
21

The POWER Interview: Investing in Energy Solutions for the Data Center Boom

Summary

The article features an interview with Andrejka Bernatova, founder and CEO of Dynamix Capital Partners, where she discusses the growing need for energy solutions in data centers due to the increasing demand for artificial intelligence. She believes that the energy and infrastructure industry is on the cusp of a decades-long transition to a low-carbon future. The conversation highlights the importance of investing in sustainable energy solutions for data centers.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving an increased need for power in data centers, making it essential to invest in reliable and efficient energy solutions.
  • Dynamix Capital Partners sees significant opportunities for growth in the energy and infrastructure industry as it transitions towards a low-carbon, sustainable future.
  • The interview emphasizes the importance of investing in innovative energy solutions that can support the decarbonization efforts and meet the growing demand for data center power.
22

China connects world’s largest vanadium flow battery project

Summary

The world's largest vanadium flow battery project, located in Xinjiang, China, has entered operation with a total installed capacity of 200 MW/1,000 MWh. The project aims to reduce curtailment in the region by utilizing renewable energy sources and improving transmission efficiency. It is co-located with a 1 GW solar plant and was developed with an investment of CNY 3.8 billion ($520 million).
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The project is expected to utilize 230 GWh more renewable energy each year, making it a significant step in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
  • The vanadium flow battery installation is designed for intensive daily cycling, allowing it to be used effectively in a variety of applications, including grid-scale energy storage and power quality improvement.
  • The project's location in Xinjiang, a region with high solar and wind generation, highlights the potential for renewable energy storage systems to mitigate intermittency issues and improve transmission efficiency.
23

Regulatory changes could shape Brazil’s 2026 battery storage auction

Summary

The capacity reserve auction for battery energy storage systems (BESS) in Brazil is scheduled for April 2026, with an estimated supply volume of 18 GW. The auction is being conducted under the Long-Term Energy Acquisition Program (LRCAP), which has introduced new legal and regulatory constraints. Regulatory changes made last year expanded the expected supply volume and formalized auction rules.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • The estimated supply volume for Brazil's capacity reserve auction increased from 2 GWh in 2024 to 18 GW in 2025, indicating a significant growth in the number of projects advancing towards execution.
  • The Long-Term Energy Acquisition Program (LRCAP) has introduced new legal and regulatory constraints, which may impact the outcome of the auction and the competitiveness of capacity needs.
  • The auction is scheduled for April 2026, following a year of rulemaking that expanded the expected supply volume and formalized auction rules, highlighting the importance of timely planning and execution in the energy sector.
24

Sunrun & HASI Form New $500 Million Joint Venture to Accelerate Distributed Power Development

Summary

Sunrun Inc., the largest provider of home battery storage, solar, and home-to-grid power plants in America, has formed a joint venture with HASI (HA Sustainable Infrastructure Capital, Inc.), a leading investor in sustainable infrastructure assets. The partnership aims to accelerate distributed power development with an initial investment of $500 million. This collaboration is expected to drive innovation in the renewable energy sector.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Sunrun and HASI have formed a joint venture with an initial investment of $500 million, aimed at accelerating distributed power development.
  • The partnership combines the strengths of both companies: Sunrun's expertise in home energy solutions and HASI's experience in sustainable infrastructure investments.
  • This collaboration may lead to new opportunities for growth in the renewable energy sector, particularly in distributed power development.
25

PJM needs flexible data centers. Here’s a blueprint.

Summary

PJM Interconnection, the country's largest power market, is under pressure from federal regulators to find a faster and more reliable way to connect data centers to the grid without increasing energy costs. Flexible data center integration is seen as a solution to this challenge. The article suggests that PJM needs to adopt flexible data center practices to ensure a stable and efficient energy supply.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Federal regulators are demanding that PJM Interconnection find a faster way to connect data centers to the grid without spiking energy costs or threatening reliability.
  • Flexible data center integration is seen as a key solution to this challenge, but the article does not provide further details on what this entails.
  • The adoption of flexible data center practices may help ensure a stable and efficient energy supply in PJM's power market.
26

Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Siemens, NVIDIA Will Develop Fusion Digital Twin

Summary

Commonwealth Fusion Systems is collaborating with NVIDIA and Siemens to develop a digital twin of its SPARC fusion machine, which will utilize artificial intelligence and data management tools to accelerate commercial fusion.
Read Full Article →

Key Takeaways

  • Commonwealth Fusion Systems is developing a digital twin of its SPARC fusion machine in collaboration with NVIDIA and Siemens.
  • The project aims to apply artificial intelligence (AI) and data management tools to accelerate commercial fusion energy production.
  • The development of a digital twin may help improve the efficiency, safety, and scalability of fusion energy technology.

Technical papers from ArXiv - for readers interested in academic research

1

From inconsistency to decision: explainable operation and maintenance of battery energy storage systems

Summary

Here is the analysis: The article proposes a new paradigm for the operation and maintenance of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) that leverages inconsistency-driven monitoring data to provide explainable, decision-oriented guidance. This framework integrates multi-dimensional inconsistency evaluation with large language model-based semantic reasoning to bridge the gap between quantitative diagnostics and practical maintenance decisions. By doing so, it aims to improve the accuracy and speed of operation and maintenance, reducing response time and operational cost.
Read Full Paper →

Key Takeaways

  • The article proposes a new approach for operating and maintaining Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) that utilizes inconsistency-driven monitoring data to provide actionable insights.
  • The proposed framework combines multi-dimensional inconsistency evaluation with large language model-based semantic reasoning to bridge the gap between quantitative diagnostics and practical maintenance decisions.
  • The approach aims to reduce response time and operational cost by over 80% compared to conventional expert-driven practices, improving reliability, safety, and cost-effective integration of energy storage into modern power systems.
2

Closed-Loop Transmission Power Control for Reliable and Low-Power BLE Communication in Dynamic IoT Settings

Summary

The article discusses a closed-loop transmission power control framework for reliable and low-power Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication in dynamic IoT settings. The proposed framework uses Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers to adjust transmission power based on Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and data throughput. This allows for robust control of both RSSI and throughput, even under rapidly changing environmental conditions.
Read Full Paper →

Key Takeaways

  • Adjusting transmission power effectively influences both RSSI and data throughput in BLE communication.
  • Two proposed control strategies are investigated: an RSSI-based approach and a throughput-based approach, each with distinct advantages and limitations.
  • A hybrid RSSI-throughput control strategy is developed to combine the responsiveness of RSSI feedback with the accuracy of throughput measurements, achieving robust control under dynamic conditions.
3

Post-Earthquake Restoration of Electricity-Gas Distribution Systems with Damage Information Collection and Repair Vehicle Routing

Summary

The article discusses a novel adaptive restoration framework for integrated electricity-gas distribution systems (IEGDS) after an earthquake, which takes into account dynamic damage assessment and repair. The framework uses a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) with an advanced belief tree search (BTS) algorithm to enable real-time decision-making. The proposed method is evaluated through case studies, demonstrating its effectiveness and scalability in reducing outage costs.
Read Full Paper →

Key Takeaways

  • The article proposes a novel adaptive restoration framework for IEGDS after an earthquake, considering dynamic damage assessment and repair.
  • The framework uses a POMDP with BTS algorithm to enable real-time decision-making, allowing crew members to update their actions based on evolving belief states.
  • The proposed method achieves outage cost comparable to the ideal solution and reduces total outage cost by more than 15% compared to existing strategies.
4

Scaling Laws of Machine Learning for Optimal Power Flow

Summary

The article discusses the scaling laws of machine learning for optimal power flow (OPF) in power systems, with a focus on understanding the relationships between training data volume, computational resources, and performance metrics such as prediction error and constraint violations. The study reveals consistent power-law relationships across two dimensions: data scale and compute scale, providing quantitative guidance for principled ML pipeline design and deployments. This research aims to address the challenges of deploying machine learning models in real-world OPF applications.
Read Full Paper →

Key Takeaways

  • The accuracy metric (MAE) scales with dataset size and training compute, indicating that larger datasets and more computational resources can lead to improved prediction accuracy.
  • There is a divergence between prediction accuracy and constraint feasibility, suggesting that optimizing one may come at the cost of compromising on the other in ML-OPF models.
  • The study provides consistent power-law relationships across different machine learning architectures (DNNs and PINNs) and performance metrics, enabling predictable and principled ML pipeline design for OPF applications.